Phonetics
Phonetics
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds which are concerned with the description and classification of these sounds on the basis of how they are produced by our vocal organs and how they are perceived by our hearing mechanism. There are 44 sounds in English.
Vowel Sounds:
Short Vowels/ɪ / Sit, Hit, /e/ Went, intend, send, letter.
/æ/ Cat, hand, nap, flat, have.
/ʌ/
Fun, love, money, one, London, come.
/ʊ /Put, look, should, cook, book, look.
/ɒ / Rob, top, watch
/ə/ Alive, again, mother.
Long Vowels
/i:/ Need, beat, team.
/ɜ:/ Nurse, heard, third, turn.
/ɔ:/ Talk, law, yawn, jaw.
/u: /boot, lose, fool
/ɑ:/ Fast, car, hard, bath
Diphthongs:
Two vowel sounds that are pronounced together to make one sound.
/ɪə /Near, ear, clear, tear, beer, fear
/eə /Hair, there, care, stairs, Chair
/eɪ /Face, space, rain , case, eight
/aɪ/ My, sight, pride, kind, flight
/ɔɪ/ Joy, employ, toy, coil, oyster.
/əʊ/ No, don’t, stones, alone, hole
/aʊ/ Mouth, house, brown, cow, out
/ʊə/ Poor, Manure
Consonants Sounds:
Fricatives 9 Sounds
/f / Full, Friday, fish, knife /v/ Vest, village, view, cave
/ɒ / Rob, top, watch
/ə/ Alive, again, mother.
Long Vowels
/i:/ Need, beat, team.
/ɜ:/ Nurse, heard, third, turn.
/ɔ:/ Talk, law, yawn, jaw.
/u: /boot, lose, fool
/ɑ:/ Fast, car, hard, bath
Diphthongs:
Two vowel sounds that are pronounced together to make one sound.
/ɪə /Near, ear, clear, tear, beer, fear
/eə /Hair, there, care, stairs, Chair
/eɪ /Face, space, rain , case, eight
/aɪ/ My, sight, pride, kind, flight
/ɔɪ/ Joy, employ, toy, coil, oyster.
/əʊ/ No, don’t, stones, alone, hole
/aʊ/ Mouth, house, brown, cow, out
/ʊə/ Poor, Manure
Consonants Sounds:
/f / Full, Friday, fish, knife /v/ Vest, village, view, cave
/θ/ Thought, think, Bath. /ð/ There, those, brothers, others
/z/ Zoo, crazy, lazy,
zigzag, nose /ʃ/ Shirt,
rush, shop, cash, Ship
/ʒ/ Television, delusion, casual /s/ Sin, bus, sun
/h/ High, help, hello.
Plosives 6 Sounds
/p/ Pin, cap, purpose, pause.
/ʒ/ Television, delusion, casual /s/ Sin, bus, sun
/h/ High, help, hello.
Plosives 6 Sounds
/p/ Pin, cap, purpose, pause.
/b/ Bag, bubble, build, tub
/t/ Time, train, tow, late
/d/ Door, day, drive, down, feed.
/k/ Cash, quick, cricket, sock.
/g/ Girl, green, grass, flag.
Affricates 2 Sounds
/ʈʃ/ Choose, cheese, church, watch.
/dʒ/ Joy, juggle,Judge, juice, stage
Nasals 3 Sounds
/m/ Room, mother, mad, more.
/n/ Now, nobody, knew, turn
/ŋ/ King, thing, song, swimming.
Approximants 3 Sounds
/r/ Road, roses, river, ring, ride
/t/ Time, train, tow, late
/d/ Door, day, drive, down, feed.
/k/ Cash, quick, cricket, sock.
/g/ Girl, green, grass, flag.
Affricates 2 Sounds
/ʈʃ/ Choose, cheese, church, watch.
/dʒ/ Joy, juggle,Judge, juice, stage
Nasals 3 Sounds
/m/ Room, mother, mad, more.
/n/ Now, nobody, knew, turn
/ŋ/ King, thing, song, swimming.
Approximants 3 Sounds
/r/ Road, roses, river, ring, ride
/j/ Yellow, usual, tune, yesterday, yard.
/w/ Wall, walk, wine,
world.
Lateral 1 Sound
/l/ Law, lots, leap, long, pill, cold, chill,
Lateral 1 Sound
/l/ Law, lots, leap, long, pill, cold, chill,
Organs of Speech
The organs of speech and their speech functions can be described in three systems: the respiratory system, the phonatory system, and the articulatory system.
The Respiratory System
The respiratory system comprises the lungs, the muscles of the chest, and windpipe (trachea). The lungs perform the function of breathing or respiration, under the action of the muscles of the chest.
Key components of the respiratory system are lungs and diaphragm. The lungs expel the air used to produce speech, while the contractions of the diaphragm determine the power of the vocal sounds.
The Phonatory System
The vocal cords
The vocal cords are located within the larynx at the top of the trachea.The human voice is created when the air in the lungs is pushed out between the contracting vocal cords. This contraction is modulated by the nerve signals, and opens the vocal cords to varying extents. The air pushing out between the cords produces vibrations of the cords, resulting in the production of sound. The vocal cords also represent the opening to the trachea, and are therefore protected from the inadvertent entry of food or other particles by the epiglottis. This is a flap of cartilage which bends over to close the opening every time the tongue moves back to enable swallowing.
The Articulatory System
After passing through the larynx, the airstream is further modified by the various shapes assumed by the organs of speech lying above the larynx, before it passes out into the atmosphere. These organs of speech constitute the articulatory system.
The Pharynx
Extending from the top of the larynx to the hindermost part of the tongue is the pharynx.
The Lips
The lips play an important part in the production of certain speech sounds. The initial sound in the word men is produced by keeping the lips shut and allowing the air to escape through the nose.
The Teeth
Certain consonant sounds are produced with the help of the teeth. Such are the initial sounds in the English words think, that, fan and van.
Teeth Ridge
The teeth ridge is the convex part of the roof of the mouth lying immediately behind the upper teeth. Many consonant sounds are produced at the teeth ridge. E.g. leg, ten, dusk etc.
The Hard Palate
Lying immediately behind the teeth ridge is a hard, bony surface, called the hard palate. It is curved surface leading to the highest point of the roof of the mouth. An example of the sound produced at the hard palate is the initial sound in the English word yes.
The Soft Palate
Soft portion of the roof of the mouth is called soft palate or the velum. It produces a large number of sounds such as the initial sound in the English words king and sing.
The Uvula
At the very end of the soft palate is a small fleshy pendent structure known as the uvula. The back of the tongue can articulate with this structure to produce sounds such as the ‘q’ sound in the Urdu words kareeb.
Tongue
The tongue is the most flexible organ of speech: it can assume a large number of shapes and take much different position, most of which are significant from the point of view of speech production.
The part of tongue lying behind the lower is called the tip, and that lying against the teeth ridge, the blade, the part against the hard palate is called the front and that against the soft palate, the back.
The organs of speech and their speech functions can be described in three systems: the respiratory system, the phonatory system, and the articulatory system.
The Respiratory System
The respiratory system comprises the lungs, the muscles of the chest, and windpipe (trachea). The lungs perform the function of breathing or respiration, under the action of the muscles of the chest.
Key components of the respiratory system are lungs and diaphragm. The lungs expel the air used to produce speech, while the contractions of the diaphragm determine the power of the vocal sounds.
The Phonatory System
The vocal cords
The vocal cords are located within the larynx at the top of the trachea.The human voice is created when the air in the lungs is pushed out between the contracting vocal cords. This contraction is modulated by the nerve signals, and opens the vocal cords to varying extents. The air pushing out between the cords produces vibrations of the cords, resulting in the production of sound. The vocal cords also represent the opening to the trachea, and are therefore protected from the inadvertent entry of food or other particles by the epiglottis. This is a flap of cartilage which bends over to close the opening every time the tongue moves back to enable swallowing.
The Articulatory System
After passing through the larynx, the airstream is further modified by the various shapes assumed by the organs of speech lying above the larynx, before it passes out into the atmosphere. These organs of speech constitute the articulatory system.
The Pharynx
Extending from the top of the larynx to the hindermost part of the tongue is the pharynx.
The Lips
The lips play an important part in the production of certain speech sounds. The initial sound in the word men is produced by keeping the lips shut and allowing the air to escape through the nose.
The Teeth
Certain consonant sounds are produced with the help of the teeth. Such are the initial sounds in the English words think, that, fan and van.
Teeth Ridge
The teeth ridge is the convex part of the roof of the mouth lying immediately behind the upper teeth. Many consonant sounds are produced at the teeth ridge. E.g. leg, ten, dusk etc.
The Hard Palate
Lying immediately behind the teeth ridge is a hard, bony surface, called the hard palate. It is curved surface leading to the highest point of the roof of the mouth. An example of the sound produced at the hard palate is the initial sound in the English word yes.
The Soft Palate
Soft portion of the roof of the mouth is called soft palate or the velum. It produces a large number of sounds such as the initial sound in the English words king and sing.
The Uvula
At the very end of the soft palate is a small fleshy pendent structure known as the uvula. The back of the tongue can articulate with this structure to produce sounds such as the ‘q’ sound in the Urdu words kareeb.
Tongue
The tongue is the most flexible organ of speech: it can assume a large number of shapes and take much different position, most of which are significant from the point of view of speech production.
The part of tongue lying behind the lower is called the tip, and that lying against the teeth ridge, the blade, the part against the hard palate is called the front and that against the soft palate, the back.
The Larynx
Larynx is an organ situated at upper part of the
trachea. It is formed of cartilage and muscle, it is involved in breathing,
producing sound and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
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